Opening the mysteries of nature is one of the goals of human learning and continuing to learn. The mechanism of gravitational surges and collapses in black holes ball and the formation of new stars, the role of the elementary particle Higgs boson in the regeneration of stars in galaxies, analysis with the Cfm constant. It is part of the human learning process to continue to understand the secrets of nature. It takes the cooperation of many people to unlock the secrets of Nature.
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Theoretical Framework
Higgs Boson Elementary Particle Theory, Formula Derivation, and Higgs Boson Elementary Particle Constant
1) Higgs Boson
The Higgs boson, sometimes called the Higgs particle, is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics produced by quantum excitation of the Higgs field, a field in theoretical particle physics. In the Standard Model, the Higgs particle is a massive scalar boson with zero spin, even (positive) parity, no electric charge, and no color charge that couples to (interacts with) mass. It is also very unstable, decaying into other particles as soon as it is formed
The Higgs field is a scalar field with two neutral components and two electrically charged components that form a complex doublet with weak SU(2) isospin symmetry. Its "Mexican hat-shaped" potential causes it to take nonzero values everywhere (including empty space), which breaks the weak isospin symmetry of the electroweak interaction and, via the Higgs mechanism, imparts rest mass to many particles.
Both the field and the boson are named after physicist Peter Higgs, who in 1964, along with five other scientists in three teams, proposed the Higgs mechanism, a way some particles gain mass. (All fundamental particles known at that time should be massless at very high energies, but fully explaining how some particles gain mass at lower energies is extremely difficult.) If this idea is correct, a particle known as a scalar boson should also exist (with certain properties). This particle is called the Higgs boson and can be used to test whether the Higgs field is the correct explanation
After a 40-year search, a subatomic particle with the expected properties was discovered in 2012 by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. The new particle was later confirmed to match the expecte d properties of the Higgs boson. Two Physicists out of three on the team, Peter Higgs and François Englert, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013 for their theoretical predictions. Although the Higgs name is associated with this theory, several researchers between 1960 and 1972 independently developed different parts of this theory.
In mainstream media, the Higgs boson is sometimes called the "God particle" after Nobel Laureate Leon Lederman's 1993 book The God Particle, although the nickname has been criticized by many physicists.
2). Characteristics of the Higg boson :
Everything is made of particles. But when the universe began, no particles had mass; they all travel at the speed of light. Stars, planets and life can only arise because particles derive their mass from the fundamental field associated with the Higgs boson. The existence of this mass- giving field was confirmed in 2012, when the Higgs boson particle was discovered at CERN.
What is the Higgs boson?
Answering this question requires an exploration into the quantum world and how particles interact. The particle we now call the Higgs boson first appeared in a scientific paper written by Peter Higgs in 1964. At that time, physicists were attempting to describe the weak force – one of the four fundamental forces of Nature – using a framework called Quantum field theory.
Particles, waves or both?
Quantum field theory describes the microscopic world of particles in a way that is very different from everyday life. A fundamental “quantum field” fills the universe and determines what nature can and cannot do. In this description, each particle can be represented as a wave in a “field”, similar to ripples on the surface of a vast ocean. One example is photons, light particles that are waves in an electromagnetic field.
Bearer of power
When particles interact with each other, they exchange “force carriers”. The carriers of this force are in the form of particles and can also be described as waves in their respective fields. For example, when two electrons interact, they do so by exchanging photons – photons are carriers of electromagnetic interaction forces
Symmetry
Another important component of this image is symmetry. Just as a shape can be called symmetrical if it does not change when rotated or turned over, a similar requirement also applies to the laws of Nature.
For example, the electric force between particles with the same electrical charge will always be the same, regardless of whether the particles are electrons, muons, or protons. Such symmetries form the basis and determine the structure of the theory.
Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism
Quantum field theory has been the basis of quantum electromagnetism, a very successful description of electromagnetic interactions. However, applying a similar approach to weak interactions is impossible due to a fundamental problem: the theory does not allow particles to have mass.
In particular, the carriers of the weak force known as W and Z bosons must be massless, otherwise the fundamental symmetry of the theory would be broken and the theory would not work. This poses a major problem because the carriers of the weak force must be large to be consistent with the very short distance of the weak interaction.
The solution to this problem was found with the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism. This mechanism has two main components: a completely new quantum field and a special trick. This new field is what we now call the Higgs field, and its trick is spontaneous symmetry breaking.
Spontaneously broken symmetries are symmetries that exist in theoretical equations but are broken in physical systems. Imagine a pencil standing on its tip in the middle of a table. The situation is perfectly symmetrical, but only for a moment: the pencil will immediately fall, breaking rotational symmetry by selecting the one direction the pencil will point. However, the laws of Nature will not change, without a predetermined direction. So, the lack of symmetry is essentially “tricked” into the picture, without disturbing the physical symmetry.
The particle in the shape of a “Mexican hat” in the Higgs field (left) and the pencil standing on its tip (right) both show spontaneous symmetry breaking – there is symmetry, but only momentarily. (Image: Ana Tovar/CERN)
Higgs boson
At CERN on July 4, 2012, the ATLAS and CMS collaboration presented evidence in LHC data for a particle consistent with the Higgs boson, a particle associated with a mechanism proposed in the 1960s to confer mass on W, Z, and other particles. (Image: Maximi lien Brice/Laurent Egli/CERN)
So, what is the Higgs boson? Since every particle can be represented as a wave in a quantum field, introducing a new field into the theory means that the particles associated with this field must also exist.
Most of the properties of these particles are predicted by theory, so if a particle is found that fits the description, this provides strong evidence for the BEH mechanism – otherwise we have no way of investigating the existence of the Higgs field.
The Higgs boson is such a particle, and its discovery in 2012 confirmed the BEH mechanism and the Higgs field, allowing researchers to further probe their understanding of matter. Measuring the properties of the Higgs boson in detail is crucial for exploring many extraordinary mysteries in particle physics and cosmology, from mass variations of elementary particles to the fate of the universe.
What's next for Higgs boson research?
With the basic properties of the Higgs boson established, it seems all that remains to be done is a few coupling measurements to complete the table and you're done. But there's more to it than that.
The Higgs boson is a mysterious particle, different in several ways from all particles seen so far, and related to many unanswered questions in physics. The most famous connection is with the Brout-Englert-Higgs (BEH) mechanism which gives mass to particles carrying the W and Z forces. Physicists have now seen that the Higgs field is also responsible for the mass of the heaviest matter particles of three generations, but is the Higgs field also giving mass to the other two generations remains to be seen.
Higgs boson or Higgs sector
A simple version of the BEH mechanism, with just one Higgs boson doing all the work, is not necessarily the case in Nature. In many extensions of the Standard Model, there is a “Higgs sector” of particles that derives from some more fundamental principles.
The BEH mechanism can also have a bigger impact than "just" producing mass. The essence of this mechanism is the spontaneous breaking of electroweak symmetry, an event that occurred just after the Big Bang, which changed the universe from a symmetric state with massless particles to the state we see today. But how could that happen? Was the change gradual or more like a pot of boiling water, with “bubbles” of broken symmetry appearing in various places? In certain cases, this phase transition could be the source of the matter- antimatter asymmetry seen in the universe today.
To study this, the researchers will look for interactions of the Higgs boson with second- generation matter particles, muons and charm quarks, and also look for additional Higgs- like particles.
The mass of the Higgs boson is important
Even the mass of the Higgs boson, which seems to be just an ordinary property of a particle, has far-reaching implications. The observed value of this mass is, from a theoretical point of view, very small, indicating that the Higgs boson is a more complicated object (e.g. a composite particle) or that the theory requires a new symmetry or other mechanism that could stabilize the mass of the Higgs boson.
Mass is also related to whether or not the current state of the universe is stable. All observations so far show a stable universe, but for certain values of the Higgs boson and top quark masses, the theory predicts a meta-stable universe, which can transition to lower energy states. Precise measurements of the mass of the Higgs boson will tell us whether this is the case. If so, we need to find a new mechanism to stabilize the vacuum, otherwise the theory will not correspond to reality.
Another thing that is not yet known is where the Higgs mass comes from. If this results from interaction with the Higgs field, then we could observe Higgs boson “self-interactions”, with the production of Higgs boson pairs being the signal to look for. Observing and measuring this process is the “holy grail” of the Higgs research program, potentially shedding light on the nature of the electroweak symmetry breaking mechanism itself. Because it is so rare, it will likely require a High Luminosity LHC upgrade to observe, and a completely new future accelerator to fully study.
3) Using the Higgs boson to search for new physics
The discovery of a new particle means that the particle must be produced in a collision or have some other indirect effect on a known phenomenon. For this to happen, new particles must be able to interact with known particles. But for new particles that do not feel electromagnetic forces, strong or weak, such interactions are almost non-existent, so in practice they are invisible and inaccessible. For example, this happens to dark matter particles.
However, these particles can interact with the Higgs boson. The Higgs boson could then decay into pairs of such particles, which would then leave the detector without interacting, which is the subject of a search for so-called “unseen Higgs decays”.
The interaction between the Higgs boson and top quarks is also very sensitive to the influence of new particles. This makes experimental measurements of Higgs couples to top quarks one of the more promising ways to search for new phenomena. More exotic possibilities are also being studied, for example the decay of new heavy particles into the Higgs boson and other particles, or the decay of the Higgs boson which is prohibited in the Standard Model – for example into top quarks and muons.
The Higgs boson is a fantastic laboratory for the search for new physics. The journey has just begun.
4) How does the Higgs Boson affect everyday life
On the surface, the Higgs boson does not appear to affect everyday life. Not directly: these are short-lived particles that do not form the matter we form and interact with, and can only be observed in the extreme conditions created by particle accelerators.
But its importance is, first, to understand the world better, and second, because the research surrounding its discovery has had, and will continue to have, a positive impact on society.
The nature of science
It is human nature to be curious. This includes curiosity about our universe, questioning how it evolved into what we know today. The goal of fundamental physics is to continue to find answers to these questions.
The Higgs boson itself is part of the answer to why we – and everything we interact with – have mass. The Higgs boson underlies the entire Standard Model like puzzle pieces, spurring our curiosity and creating a more accurate picture of the universe around us.
Since the beginning of humanity, curiosity has driven scientific progress. Each new discovery is an extension of what was previously known, and continues to advance our understanding of the universe.
Applying this scientific knowledge to various fields has revolutionized everyday life. One example is JJ Thomson's discovery of the electron in 1897 – the first fundamental particle to be discovered experimentally. In a world driven by technology, it is difficult to imagine life without the ability to manipulate electrons. Every day, we use electronics for industry, communication, entertainment, transportation, medicine; the list goes on. Of course, after his discovery, Thomson had no idea how much the electron would revolutionize society. More than 100 years later, the world has changed.
Because of the nature of science, we do not know to what extent the discoveries we make
now will impact our future. In other words, it may only be a matter of time before the Higgs boson affects society directly.
5) Benefits to society from new technologies
The search for the Higgs boson using the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is pushing the boundaries of technology. It requires extremely high energies to accelerate particles to nearly the speed of light, unprecedented detail and precision are required to accurately detect these particle beam collisions, and unparalleled computing technology is required to map and record each of the millions of particle collisions produced particle.
Another area that benefits from particle physics research is health. Accelerator technology is used to treat cancer, in hadron therapy and electron radiotherapy. Furthermore, particle physics detectors are used in medical diagnostics, such as 3D color X-ray scanners, based on
technology developed at CERN. Particle accelerators also led to the development of Positron Emission Tomography (PET), which is important for imaging and diagnosing conditions in the brain and heart.
Detector technology has also helped advance the aerospace sector, enhancing research even beyond our planet. The extreme environments in space are very similar to those found in underground particle physics experiments. This means that technologies such as radiation monitoring can be applied in space to protect equipment and the safety of astronauts.
There are many more new technologies that continue to be developed from particle accelerators such as the LHC, although the main goal is to search for particles such as the Higgs boson. All of this has benefits for various areas of society and will only continue to grow as research advances
How we discovered the Higgs boson
The Higgs boson was discovered, almost 50 years after it was first proposed, by the ATLAS and CMS collaboration at CERN in 2012. But why did it take so long to find it?
With a mass more than 120 times that of a proton, the Higgs boson is the second heaviest particle currently known. This large mass, coupled with a very short lifetime (10-22 seconds) means that the particle cannot be found in Nature – its existence can only be verified by producing it in a laboratory.
The first particle collider in history capable of producing large numbers of Higgs bosons was the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which began a high-energy collision program in 2010.
References
- McGinty, C., et al. "The McGinty Equation and its Unified Framework for Quantum Physics, Field Theory, and Gravity."
- Vjestica, J. "Electromagnetic Field Density and Cosmic Bubble Dynamics: A Fluid Mechanics Approach."
- Whitworth, J. "Holographic Wave Theory and its Integration with the McGinty Equation."
- Melia Fulvio. The Cosmic Spacetime. 1th ed. CRC Press. London, New York. 2021
- Melia, Fulvio. Initial energy of a spatially flat universe: A hint of its possible origin. Astronomische Nachrichten, 2022; Vol 343 (3)
- Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters. Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript. no, ms 2021.Agost.10
- Weinberg Stephen. Gravitation and cosmology; principles and applications of the general theory of relativity. 1th ed. John Wiley and Sons. Inc New York, London, Sidney,Toronto. 1972
- Differential surface geometry. Googlescholar [Crossref]. 2023. Available from www.Wikipedia.org
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