OSP Journal of Physics and Astronomy

In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed that light would be better explained by modelling electromagnetic waves as consisting of localized, discrete wave-packets. He called such a wave-packet a light quantum. In 1926, Gilbert Lewis coined the term photon for this presumed quantum of radiant energy. Quantum theory is irrelevant to the study of light, however, which propagates in steady waves rather than in packets or quanta. Photon theory is an invalid hypothesis based on faulty logic and misinterpretation of evidence.

The E = mc² equation in Albert Einstein’s theory of special relativity expresses the idea that mass and energy are the same physical entity and can be changed into each other. E = mc² is an unverifiable assumption that is considered proof for mass-energy equivalence. This is circular reasoning (aka begging the question), the logical error of including the conclusion in the assumption, then using the assumption to prove the foregone conclusion. Circular reasoning invalidates the mass-energy equivalence hypothesis. Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion are reactions in which matter is converted to energy. There are no reactions in which energy is converted to matter; it has never happened. Therefore, mass-energy equivalence is an erroneous concept.

General Relativity. In 1915, Albert Einstein developed his theory of general relativity, the geometric theory of gravitation that presumes gravity to be the result of geometric distortion of four-dimensional spacetime by massive objects. This alleged distortion supposedly changes the trajectories of objects moving through space and even the paths of light rays as they pass by massive objects. 4-D spacetime is a mathematical illusion that does not exist, does not curve, and cannot possibly interact with the physical force of gravity. 

Mass-Energy Equivalence (E = mc²): The E = mc² equation in Albert Einstein’s theory of special relativity expresses the idea that mass and energy are the same physical entity and can be changed into each other. E = mc² is an unverifiable assumption that is considered proof for mass-energy equivalence. This circular reasoning, the logical error of including the conclusion in the assumption then using the assumption to prove the foregone conclusion, invalidates mass-energy equivalence theory. Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion are reactions in which matter is converted to energy. There are no reactions in which energy is converted to matter; it has never happened.

Photon Theory: In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed that light would be better explained by modelling electromagnetic waves as consisting of localized discrete wave-packets, which he called light quanta. In 1926, Gilbert N. Lewis coined the term photon for this falsely presumed quantum of radiant energy. Individual photons are merely inferred to exist because of their apparent effect on photoelectric systems. This is the logical error of circular reasoning, i.e., including the conclusion in the assumption, then using the assumption to prove the conclusion: it is assumed that photons exist, and measuring their effects is proof of their existence.

Hubble’s law is the presumption that galaxies may be moving away from Earth at velocities proportional to their distance. It is considered the ultimate defining evidence supporting the hypothesis that the universe may be expanding. Unfortunately, Hubble’s law is fatally flawed. Edwin Hubble misunderstood the nature of the redshift data upon which his hypothesis was based, made the unwarranted assumption that galaxies are accelerating away from each other, then manipulated data to justify his foregone conclusion. Hubble presumed the star clusters in his alleged data to be from 12 to 68 times farther away than they really are, and in so doing falsified the only evidence supporting expansion theory. In 2014, Eric Lerner and a team of astrophysicists studied the surface brightness (per unit area) of 1,000 near and far galaxies and concluded that galaxies are not moving apart. Hubble’s law is invalid. There is zero evidence that the universe may be expanding, and overwhelming evidence that it is not.

In 1915, astronomer Vesto Slipher observed that light from some spiral nebulae is redshifted and falsely presumed he was witnessing a light source rapidly moving away from the observer and somehow stretching the wavelength of light it emits. Slipher did not understand how light attenuates and mistakenly believed he was witnessing a Doppler effect, a phenomenon that cannot exist in space. No theory can be valid if it is based on a false assumption. Thus, all theories that depend on the Doppler-redshift mistake are invalid. These include big bang theory, expansion theory, Hubble’s law, dark matter theory, and dark energy theory. Knowing that redshift is attenuation enables us to estimate how far visible light can travel before dropping out of sight. This is an idea that would never occur to anyone who mistakenly believes that redshift is Doppler.

In 1916, Albert Einstein published his paper on general relativity (GR), the geometric theory of gravity in which he presumed that hypothetical 4-D spacetime curves/warps and in so doing affects the gravity of massive objects (stars, planets). This is an impossibility. Geometry is an abstract (nonphysical) form of mathematics that is incapable of interacting with the physical force of gravity. Spacetime is a mathematical fiction that does not exist, does not curve, and has zero effect on gravity. Unfortunately, invalid GR theory has become the current description of gravity in modern physics because of a fundamental astrophysical error in interpreting data from the 1919 solar eclipse. Mistaking refraction for gravity is the fundamental error that launched Einstein’s career. Refraction bends light. Gravity cannot.

A new SU(2) × U(1) broken symmetry leads us to gravity and nuclear force unification, new Higgs bosons, intermediate vector bosons and photons appear. Schrodinger's equation for a gravitational system leads us to Planck's gravitational constant and Kepler's third law. The solution of Schrodinger's equation for an electron orbiting a nucleus leads us to the emission of gravitomagnetic photons when the gravitational potential is also taken into account. In four dimensions, the Minkowski metric  = diag (+1,-1,-1,-1) leads to the 16-dimensional Clifford algebra C(1,3), Dirac's equation [1] is using four of these 16 matrices that form a basis of this algebra, a new operator is defined using all of these matrices and also generalized for a curved space. This new multilevel operator generalizes the Dirac's equation, the value of the generalized Dirac's operator is calculated in the Schwarzschild's metric. The torsion tensor is calculated taking into account the non-symmetric part of the metric tensor in the vanishing of its covariant derivative and applied to Kerr's metric generalizing the Clifford algebra. Geodesic equation, conservation laws, torsion tensor and Einstein field equation are obtained in a non-symmetric geometry.

The solution of the Schrödinger's equation for an electron orbiting a nucleus leads us to the emission of gravitomagnetic photons when the gravitational potential is also taken into account. In four dimensions, the Minkowski metric η_μν = (+1,-1,-1,-1) leads to the 16-dimensional Clifford algebra C(1,3), Dirac's equation [1] is using four of these 16 matrices that form a basis of this algebra, a new operator is defined using all of these matrices and also generalized for a curved space. This new multilevel operator generalizes the Dirac's equation, the value of the generalized Dirac's operator is calculated in the Schwarzschild's metric. The torsion tensor is calculated taking into account the non-symmetric part of the metric tensor in the vanishing of its covariant derivative and applied to Kerr's metric generalizing the Clifford algebra. Geodesic equation, conservation laws, torsion tensor and Einstein field equation are obtained in a non-symmetric geometry.

The solution of the Schrödinger's equation for an electron orbiting a nucleus leads us to the emission of gravitomagnetic photons when the gravitational potential is also taken into account. In four dimensions, the Minkowski metric  leads to the 16-dimensional Clifford algebra C(1,3), Dirac's equation [1] is using four of these 16 matrices that form a basis of this algebra, a new operator is defined using all of these matrices and also generalized for a curved space. This new multilevel operator generalizes the Dirac's equation, the value of the generalized Dirac's operator is calculated in the Schwarzschild's metric. The torsion tensor is calculated taking into account the non-symmetric part of the metric tensor in the vanishing of its covariant derivative and applied to Kerr's metric generalizing the Clifford algebra. Geodesic equation, conservation laws, torsion tensor and Einstein field equation are obtained in a non-symmetric geometry.

A new SU(2) X U(1) broken symmetry leads us to gravity and nuclear force unification, new Higgs bosons, intermediate vector bosons and photons appear. Schrodinger's equation for a gravitational system leads us to Planck's gravitational constant and Kepler's third law. The solution of Schrodinger's equation for an electron orbiting a nucleus leads us to the emission of gravitomagnetic photons when the gravitational potential is also taken into account. In four dimensions, the Minkowski metric leads to the 16- dimensional Clifford algebra C(1,3), Dirac's equation [1] is using four of these 16 matrices that form a basis of this algebra, a new operator is defined using all of these matrices and also generalized for a curved space. This new multilevel operator generalizes the Dirac's equation, the value of the generalized Dirac's operator is calculated in the Schwarzschild's metric. The torsion tensor is calculated taking into account the non-symmetric part of the metric tensor in the vanishing of its covariant derivative and applied to Kerr's metric generalizing the Clifford algebra. Geodesic equation, conservation laws, torsion tensor and Einstein field equation are obtained in a non-symmetric geometry.

This brief paper demonstrates that a mathematical solution to Einstein’s field equations exists that features a sign change in what proves to be the analog to the Friedmann 2 (acceleration) equation. The purpose here is not to physically challenge the FLRW (Friedmann Lemaitre Robertson-Walker) solution, but to demonstrate that this sign change is mathematically possible. In order to achieve this result, the metric is modified so that the temporal increment is affected by the expansion in the same manner as the spatial increments. Unlike the Schwarzschild, there is no theorem that states that the R-W is mathematically unique. Therefore, from a purely mathematical perspective there is no prohibition on the exploration of other alternatives to the R-W. In this particular instance the four principal equations of cosmology reduce to two mathematically consistent equations and total energy is conserved.

One of the most effective theories to explain the discrepancies in gravitational potential in galaxies is Milgrom’s Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). However, the modification of the laws of gravity cannot be justified on the basis of current fundamental physical theories, and some astrophysical observations do not match MOND’s predictions. Based on a modified interpretation of Einstein’s equation E=mc², we propose a fluid spacetime-generating mechanism that might operate in nuclear reactions from active stellar bodies giving rise to additional spacetime curvatures, scale invariance and other essential predictions of MOND. The compliance of the conceptual model with observations in various astrophysical settings is discussed, as well as the consequences that it might imply for the problems of dark matter, dark energy and for our current understanding of black holes.

A formula is developed that describes a quadratic relationship between information and time and at the same time the equivalence of information flow and time.

For almost a century, the prevailing belief has been that the universe was created by a big bang singularity. This scientific impossibility has become a firmly entrenched belief because of (a) an unwarranted preconception; (b) misunderstanding the nature of redshift; (c) miscalculations; and (d) misinterpreting evidence. When these misconceptions are swept away, we are left with the inescapable conclusion that the alleged big bang could never have happened, that there is no point in time at which time began, and that from our perspective the universe has always been here. The universe is a timeless, limitless, endless, infinite expanse. Within this infinite expanse, matter is being created continuously – as evidenced by two galaxies recently discovered by the James Webb Space Telescope that were created hundreds of millions of years after the alleged big bang. Galaxies sit within a cosmic web of gaseous filaments that stretch throughout the universe. These filaments appear to be a creation field wherein particles become hydrogen, then helium, then new stars.

Kepler’s third law states that the square of the period of the orbit of a planet about the Sun is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of the orbit, now this law is derived from Schrodinger's equation applied to a gravitational system. Mercury deviates from the precession predicted from the Newtonian effects. In general relativity, this remaining precession, or change of orientation of the orbital ellipse within its orbital plane, is explained by gravitation being mediated by the curvature of spacetime. Einstein showed that general relativity agrees closely with the observed amount of perihelion shift. This was a powerful factor motivating the adoption of general relativity. Now this effect is also explained by the action of the gravitational magnetic field.

The beautiful Titius-Bode law about Solar planetary orbits discovered in 1766, is considered that it is a mathematical coincidence rather than an "exact" law, because it has not yet been physically proved. However, if the disturbance restoration and the stability of the asteroid belt orbit are considered, there must be some underlying logical necessity.

Gravitomagnetic tensor is derived from General Relativity comparing the action for a continuous distribution of matter and the action for the electromagnetic field.

Similarly  to  the  spin–orbit  interaction  there  is  a  magnetic  field  acting  on  the  star  S2  induced  by  the  supermassive  black  hole  gravitational field.   The gravitational magnetic force is derived from Special Relativity force transformations.  Energy associated with this new force is stored in the dark matter energy tensor D (4, 0) related to the Riemann curvature.

Dark matter gravity is generated by D(4,0) energy related directly to the  S(4,0)  tensor,  however  this  gravity  is  attributed  to  exotic  particles never detected, galaxies in our universe are rotating with such speed that the gravity generated by their observable matter could not possibly hold them together.

Total  Energy  T(4,0)  and  energy  tensors  are  defined  to  complete  the General  Relativity  field  equations.   The  Ricci  decomposition  is  a  way  of breaking up the Riemann curvature tensor into three orthogonal tensors, Z(4,0), Weyl tensor C(4,0) and S(4,0).

In the Eigen Theory of the physical world, the fundamental form of a particle of matter is a distribution of points that forms a manifold of its own. Each point results from the intersection of a corresponding pair of eigenvelocity vectors, which are functions of a pair of symmetric and antisymmetric tensors characteristic of gravitation and electromagnetism respectively. The theory develops in three stages. The first and second stages produce the wave and particle aspects matter. The third stage formulates the base manifold, characterised by an eigenfield of a second pair of symmetric and antisymmetric tensors, in which the particle moves as a whole whilst rotating about an axis through the particle centre. The first two stages expose the reality behind matter-antimatter, the quantum mechanical wave-particle duality and the results of the double-slit experiment. The third stage reveals the nature of dark energy and the structure of dark matter. In Eigen Theory Quantum Mechanics becomes restructured; in particular the uncertainty principle ceases to exist.

Poynting vector, Maxwell stress tensor and Lorentz force are generalized in curved space derived from gravitomagnetic tensor.

Gravitomagnetic tensor is derived from General Relativity comparing the action for a continuous distribution of matter and the action for the electromagnetic field.

Gravitational magnetic force is also derived from Special Relativity force transformations. Similarly to the spin-orbit interaction there is magnetic field acting on the star S2 induced by the supermassive black hole gravitational field.

Energy tensors are defined to complete the General Relativity field equations. Ricci decomposition is a way of breaking up the Riemann curvature tensor into three orthogonal tensors, Z, Weyl tensor C and S.

In a manifold with a linear connection if the torsion tensor vanishes then the Christoffel symbols are symmetric in the lower indices, this is the motivation to call it the symmetric connection.

The requirement of being metric, the length is preserved by parallel transport and symmetric leads to the unique result for the Christoffel symbols of the connection.

This distinguished linear connection on a Riemannian manifold is usually called the Riemann connection or the Levi-Civita connection.

We consider a connection which is metric but not symmetric, the torsion tensor does not vanish and we study the conservation laws depending on it, the non-symmetric Ricci tensor and the action.

This study conclusively disproves big bang theory, Hubble’s law, general relativity, dark matter theory, and gravitational wave theory.

If rapid motion is added to the Earth in the form of a redshift (3.14) due to the expansion of space, which complements the notion of an expanding universe, this information can be used to calculate both distances and time periods. If an accelerated system and a gravitational field coexist, a ‘short evolutionary distance’ (h) can be computed that points toward the origin of the universe. From this value, the knowledge of the total plane angle (2∙π) and the deflection angle (α) of the light beam grazing on the Earth's surface makes it possible to determine huge distances using the rules of trigonometry (H_universe=h∙2∙π/α). This ‘long evolving distance’ in the radius range of the universe can be converted to ‘evolving time’ (T_universe) if divided by the speed of light (c). Utilizing the inverse ratio of the angles (1/2 ∙α/π), the size of the Earth is the same as known. In the possession of the geometrically related components of the equation, further statements about the shape and structure of the cosmos and the Earth can be made. The time interval required for the formation of the entire Solar System and the Earth within it, derived from the cosmos age using the principle of symmetry and the value of π, is approximately 4.65 billion years and for our planet 4.53 billion years.

Introduction: As humans know, light travels in a vacuum, if light meets any object, we can’t see the light back of the body, and it is rough before the body and we do not realize the reflection of light. If the body is like a mirror we can perceive the reflection of light. The reflection of light is because of the collision, between light and its surface, the surface is atoms that build particles i.e., light has particles.

Methodology: Move the lamp, in the same direction as the light from them, at high speeds, and we depict that, in part of (A thousand milliseconds of time) Light in a vacuum is a column floating in the air.

Results: Light became stronger, but it did not spread in the vacuum- and the speed of light is as great as it was added to the speed of the lamp, and then after a certain distance, something obstructed the enormous speed, which it gained Light, and then light begins to propagate, at its known speed among humans.

Conclusion: Light- if we move it at high speed, for example from right to left 30 thousand times per second- the gravity of the universe will not realize the mass of light, and if we turn off and turn on the light 30 thousand times per second, we get the greatest period of light mass birth, the state of pre-cosmic light control- because we repeated the birth of light mass.

In this article, I propose a new hypothesis which offers a novel interpretation of the anthropic principle and argues against the premise that the Universe is “configured” (via its characteristic constants) specifically so that human life can exist.

General relativity (GR) is the geometric theory of gravity that has become the accepted definition of gravitation in modern physics. GR proposes that gravity is the result of a geometric distortion of four-dimensional spacetime by massive objects. The more mass that produces gravity in a body, the more distortion you get. This distortion supposedly changes the trajectories of objects moving through space and even the paths of light rays as they pass close by massive objects.

Unfortunately, general relativity is a fatally flawed theory that is a diversion from how gravity really works. This study explains in detail the logical errors, false assumptions, and misinterpretation of evidence upon which GR is based. Geometric spacetime does not exist, does not curve, and cannot possibly interact with or be affected by gravity.

The problem of the cause of weak braking of the "Pioner10" and "Pioner11" spacecraft is investigated. Contrary to the established ideas, the usual modern physical mechanism was found. The mechanism is not a deceleration, but a weakening of a very small kind of thrust due to the interaction of the solar neutrino stream with radioisotope energy sources installed on the "Pioneers". This interaction has been studied on Earth and is known as the Anomalous Neutrino Radio - Isotope (ANRI) absorption or effect.

As light travels extreme distances through space, its frequency slowly diminishes (attenuates). We observe this phenomenon as a redshift, the tendency of visible light to drop toward the red end of the spectrum. Unfortunately, for over 100 years redshift has been misinterpreted as a Doppler effect, a fundamental error upon which have been built popular but misconceived cosmological theories. This study explains the true nature of redshift and provides a formula for estimating the rate at which light attenuates over extreme distances.

Physics is the science that deals with the properties and interactions of matter and energy. Logic is the science of reasoning, proof, and validity. Unfortunately, theoretical physics includes many hypotheses (suppositions) that fail the test of logic. This study exposes the multiple false assumptions, faulty reasoning, and mathematical oversights that invalidate eight currently accepted cosmological theories.