OSP Journal of Physics and Astronomy

In four dimensions, the Minkowski metric leads to the 16 dimensional Clifford algebra C(1,3), Dirac equation is using four of these 16 matrices that form a basis of this algebra, a new operator is defined using all of these matrices and also generalized for a curved space

In four dimensions, the Minkowski metric η_μν = diag (+1,—1,—1,—1) leads to the 16-dimensional Clifford algebra C(1,3), Dirac's equation [1] is using four of these 16 matrices that form a basis of this algebra, a new operator is defined using all of these matrices and also generalized for a curved space. This new multilevel operator generalizes the Dirac's equation, the value of the generalize Dirac's operator is calculated in the Schwarzschild's metric

Albert Einstein and Hermann Minkowski forged the concept of spacetime (1,2). In Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (GTR) spacetime is flat until the introduction of mass into the region. The greater the mass the greater the curvature of spacetime. This adynamic model of spacetime has been successful in explaining significant observations such as the deflection of light by the sun. However, GTR does not provide a mechanism for the three other fundamental interactions. It is possible that a model of space in which changes in curvature and other geometric properties in the absence of mass or energy are chaotic, can provide the foundation for the unification of these four interactions.

In four dimensions, the Minkowski metric leads to the 16-dimensional Clifford algebra C(1,3), Dirac's equation [1] is using four of these 16 matrices that form a basis of this algebra, a new operator is defined using all of these matrices and also generalized for a curved space. This new multilevel operator generalizes the Dirac's equation, the value of the generalized Dirac's operator is calculated in the Schwarzschild's metric. The torsion tensor is calculated taking into account the non-symmetric part of the metric tensor in the vanishing of its covariant derivative and applied to Kerr's metric generalizing the Clifford algebra.

Niels Bohr developed the model of the atom in which energy levels of electrons are discrete, that electrons revolve in stable orbits around the atomic nucleus and can quantum jump from the second highest energy level (orbital) to the highest energy level (outermost orbital). As an electron drops back from the outermost orbital, the energy it loses is emitted as a photon. The 6 elements in the periodic table in which quantum jumps cannot occur are colorless. All 90 elements in which quantum jumps occur have an intrinsic color that is imparted to them by the predetermined steady frequency of each quantum jump. Thus, quantum jumping is the only factor which explains the specific color of every element in the periodic table.

In four dimensions, the Minkowski metric leads to the 16-dimensional Clifford algebra C(1,3), Dirac's equation [1] is using four of these 16 matrices that form a basis of this algebra, a new operator is defined using all of these matrices and also generalized for a curved space. This new multilevel operator generalizes the Dirac's equation, the value of the generalized Dirac's operator is calculated in the Schwarzschild's metric. The torsion tensor is calculated taking into account the non-symmetric part of the metric tensor in the vanishing of its covariant derivative and applied to Kerr's metric generalizing the Clifford algebra. Geodesic equation, conservation laws, torsion tensor and Einstein field equation are obtained in a non-symmetric geometry.

The objective of this study is to examine and report on the scientific and mathematical errors that have collectively created a prevailing view about the cosmos that is significantly in error. Because of a fundamental cosmological error dating back to 1915, currently accepted cosmology has built an elaborate structure of theories that are without foundation. The mythical big bang could not possibly have happened, galaxies are not retreating from each other, we are not on a collision course with Andromeda, and both dark matter and dark energy are fictions. Because of two mathematical oversights also dating back to 1915, general relativity has become the currently accepted explanation for gravity. Unfortunately, this geometric theory of gravity is fatally flawed. Four-dimensional spacetime does not exist, does not curve, and does not interact with gravity. Gravity does not bend light, and gravitational waves do not exist. This study conclusively proves that the following hypotheses are false: big bang theory, Hubble’s law, expansion theory, 4-D spacetime, general relativity, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background theory, gravitational waves, and Higgs boson theory. The universe is an infinite timeless expanse without boundaries of any kind and without beginning or ending. There is also a limiting distance at which light emitted from extremely distant galaxies falls beneath the visible spectrum.

Logic is the science of reasoning, proof, and validity. This is the first study to apply rigorous logical analysis to eight prevailing theories of astrophysics. Because of multiple false assumptions, faulty reasoning, and mathematical oversights the following cosmological theories are hereby invalidated: big bang theory, Hubble’s law, general relativity, gravitational wave theory, dark matter theory, dark energy theory, Higgs boson theory, and Doppler-redshift theory. That which is logically impossible is also physically impossible.

Einstein’s general relativity (GR) is the geometric theory of gravity that has become the accepted definition of gravitation in modern physics. GR proposes that gravity is the result of a geometric distortion of hypothetical four-dimensional spacetime by massive objects. The more mass that produces gravity in a body, the more distortion presumably results. This distortion supposedly changes the trajectories of objects moving through space and even the paths of light rays as they pass close by massive objects. Unfortunately, GR is a fatally flawed theory that is a diversion from how gravity really works. This study explains the logical errors, false assumptions, and misinterpretation of evidence upon which GR is based. Geometric spacetime does not exist, does not curve, and cannot possibly interact with or be affected by gravity.

For over a century the prevailing belief has been that the universe was created by a big bang singularity. This speculative event is an impossibility that has become a firmly entrenched notion only because of a fundamental scientific error that few have questioned until now. This article provides both logical proof and corroborating scientific evidence that the universe could not have begun from any singularity, that galaxies are not receding from the Milky Way, and that we are not on a collision course with Andromeda. Big bang theory presupposes that somehow the universe spontaneously created itself from nothing. This notion defies both physics and logic, the science of thinking and reasoning. Nothing cannot be the cause of something. Aristotle is reputed to have expressed it this way: “The notion that there could be nothing that preceded something offends reason itself.”

Hubble’s law, the presumption that galaxies may be moving away from Earth at velocities proportional to their distance, is considered the ultimate defining evidence supporting the hypothesis that the universe may be expanding. Unfortunately, Hubble’s law is fatally flawed. Edwin Hubble misunderstood the nature of the redshift data upon which his theory is based, made oversimplifying assumptions about the brightness and dimness of nebulae, made the unwarranted assumption that galaxies are accelerating away from each other, then manipulated data to justify his foregone conclusion. Hubble presumed the galaxies in question to be on average 24 times farther away than they really are, and in so doing falsified the only evidence supporting expansion theory. In 2014, Eric Lerner and a team of astrophysicists studied the surface brightness (per unit area) of 1,000 near and far galaxies and concluded that galaxies are not moving apart.

The purpose of this study is to determine the maximum distance light can travel before it attenuates below the visible frequency range, i.e., drops out of sight. As light travels extreme distances through space, its frequency slowly diminishes (attenuates). We observe this phenomenon as a redshift, the tendency of visible light to drop toward the red end of the spectrum. When redshift is properly understood, its measurements enable us to calculate at what distance light continues to attenuate beneath the visible spectrum. Beyond this limiting distance, there are countless billions of galaxies that are invisible to us.

Dark matter is hypothetical matter that supposedly suffuses the entire universe, filling the dark spaces between stars and galaxies. It is inferred to exist only because of a falsely presumed gravitational pull it appears to have on visible matter. Dark matter has none of the properties of visible matter nor any properties whatsoever, for the simple reason that dark matter does not exist. Because of a fundamental cosmological error regarding the nature of redshift, the universe has falsely been presumed to be expanding at a predictable rate. When evidence suggested that this rate of expansion may be slowing down, it was hypothesized that there must be mysterious, invisible, undetectable dark matter imposing a gravitational effect in opposition to the universe’s supposed rate of expansion. When the redshift error is corrected, however, we are left with the inescapable conclusion that the universe is not expanding and that there is no mysterious force playing tug-of-war with its rate of non-expansion. Dark matter is a mythical diversion from the true nature of the universe.

Electromagnetic tensor is a 2-form derived from the exterior derivative of a 1-form, similarly Gravitomagnetic tensor can be derived from the exterior derivative of the Energy-momentum 1-form and we obtain the similar Maxwell`s equations.

In a manifold with a linear connection if the torsion tensor vanishes then the Christoffel symbols are symmetric in the lower indices, this is the motivation to call it the symmetric connection.

The requirement of being metric, the length is preserved by parallel transport, and symmetric leads to the unique result for the Christoffel symbols of the connection.

This distinguished linear connection on a Riemannian manifold is usually called the Riemann connection or the Levi-Civita connection.

We consider a connection which is metric but not symmetric, the torsion tensor does not vanish and we study the conservation laws depending on it and the action, the space is a Riemann-Cartan space.

The Allais effect[1] is the alleged anomalous behavior of pendulums which is sometimes purportedly observed during a solar eclipse. The ef fect was first reported as an anomalous precession of the plane of oscillation of a Foucault pendulum during the solar eclipse of June 30, 1954 by Maurice Allais, a French polymath who went on to win the Nobel Prize in Economics. Allais reported another observation of the effect during the solar eclipse of October 2, 1959 using the paraconical pendulum he invented. This study earned him the 1959 Galabert Prize of the French Astronautical Society and made him a laureate of the U.S. Gravity Research Foundation for his 1959 memoir on gravity.

Gravitomagnetic tensor[4] generates the extra force needed to explain the anomalous behavior of pendulums observed during a solar eclipse.

The gravitomagnetic photon emission is the first step to get a new Astronomy, it is derived from the solution of the Schrodinger equation adding the gravitational potential. The variation in Planck constant is the first step to get the Gravity and Quantum Mechanics unification, the variation is derived from the solution of the Schrodinger equation in gravitational systems.

Published studies have stated that the mass ratio of ordinary substances such as atoms, dark matter and dark energy are approximately five percent, twenty seven percent and sixty eight percent, respectively. However, it has not been successfully realized until today to detect and thus to prove the existence of dark matter and dark energy. There should be some fundamental problems to be addressed and the universal space-time itself must have its own hidden characteristics. It estimates here the universal space-time by using the special theory of relativity i.e., the combined velocity, the increasing mass, the duration time and the quantum chemical reaction rate. The results suggest that each of “the ternary space-times” has its own specific light velocity and that the cosmic age of dark matter uncaptured can be about 100 million years in our age of the universe 13.8 billion years.

Mercury deviates from the precession predicted from the Newtonian effects. In general relativity, this remaining precession, or change of orientation of the orbital ellipse within its orbital plane, is explained by gravitation being mediated by the curvature of spacetime. Einstein showed that general relativity agrees closely with the observed amount of perihelion shift. This was a powerful factor motivating the adoption of general relativity. Now this effect is also explained by the action of the gravitational magnetic field.

Dark matter is hypothetical matter that supposedly suffuses the entire universe, filling the dark spaces between stars and galaxies. It is inferred to exist only because of a falsely presumed gravitational pull it appears to have on visible matter. Dark matter has none of the properties of visible matter nor any properties whatsoever, for the simple reason that dark matter does not exist. Because of a fundamental cosmological error regarding the nature of redshift, the universe has falsely been presumed to be expanding at a predictable rate. When evidence suggested that this rate of expansion may be slowing down, it was hypothesized that there must be mysterious, invisible, undetectable dark matter imposing a gravitational effect in opposition to the universe’s supposed rate of expansion. When the redshift error is corrected, however, we are left with the inescapable conclusion that the universe is not expanding and that there is no mysterious force playing tug-of-war with its rate of non-expansion. Dark matter is a mythical diversion from the true nature of the universe.

As light travels extreme distances through space, its frequency slowly diminishes (attenuates). We observe this phenomenon as a redshift, the tendency of visible light to drop toward the red end of the spectrum. This study explains the true nature of redshift and provides a formula for estimating the rate at which light attenuates over extreme distances. When redshift is properly understood, it can tell us how far light travels before it drops beneath the visible spectrum.

As light travels extreme distances through space, its frequency slowly diminishes (attenuates). We observe this phenomenon as a redshift, the tendency of visible light to drop toward the red end of the spectrum. Unfortunately, for over 100 years redshift has been misinterpreted as a Doppler effect. This is the fundamental cosmological error that creates the fatal flaw in these misconceived hypotheses: big bang theory, expansion theory, Hubble’s law, dark matter, and dark energy. This study explains the true nature of redshift and provides a formula for estimating the rate at which light attenuates over extreme distances. When redshift is properly understood, it can tell us how far light travels before it drops beneath the visible spectrum.

The gravitational magnetic force is derived from Special Relativity force transformations. Energy associated with this new force is stored in the dark matter energy tensor D (4, 0) related to the Riemann curvature.

Dark matter gravity is generated by D(4,0) energy related directly to the S(4,0) tensor, however this gravity is attributed to exotic particles never detected, galaxies in our universe are rotating with such speed that the gravity generated by their observable matter could not possibly hold them together.

Total Energy T (4, 0) and energy tensors are denied to complete the General Relativity field equations. The Ricci decomposition is a way of breaking up the Riemann curvature tensor into three orthogonal tensors, Z (4, 0), Weyl tensor C (4, 0) and S (4, 0).

Similarly to the spin-orbit interaction there is a magnetic field act-ing on the star S2 induced by the supermassive black hole gravitational field. The gravitational magnetic force is derived from Special Relativity force transformations. Energy associated with this new force is stored in the dark matter energy tensor D (4, 0) related to the Riemann curvature.

Dark matter gravity is generated by D (4, 0) energy related directly to the S (4, 0) tensor, however this gravity is attributed to exotic particles never detected, galaxies in our universe are rotating with such speed that the gravity generated by their observable matter could not possibly hold them together.

Total Energy T (4, 0) and energy tensors are denied to complete the General Relativity field equations. The Ricci decomposition is a way of breaking up the Riemann curvature tensor into three orthogonal tensors, Z (4, 0), Weyl tensor C (4, 0) and S (4, 0).

In 1982, MIT physicist Frank Wilczek predicted and named ANYONS, quasiparticles (particle-like formations) that are confined to 2 dimensions and were discovered in 2020. The name might come from Prof. Wilczek's lighthearted comment "anything goes". This article's main goal is to show that anyons could be another name for 1) virtual particles, 2) Mobius strips, and 3) figure-8 Klein bottles. Along the way, we'll see the picture painted by the article confirm that Einstein's dream of gravitational-electromagnetic unity fits in with anyons being Mobius strips. The topological hypothesis offers an explanation of dark matter and dark energy. We'll also have encounters with intergalactic travel and imaginary computers. They really could exist but are imaginary in the sense that they use imaginary time (as well as space-time warping).

This hypothesis is the result of my conviction that science will one day prove everything in space and time is part of unification.  In "a Brief History of Time", Stephen Hawking wrote,"If everything in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way, it might be impossible to get close to a full solution (of the universe's puzzles) by investigating parts of the problem (such as general relativity and quantum mechanics) in isolation."

The goal: to establish a “proof of concept” to which equations can be added. It’s concluded the Steady State, Big Bang, Inflation and Multiverse theories all ultimately fail and a topological model including bits (binary digits), Mobius strips, figure-3 Klein bottles and Wick rotation works better. The failed cosmologies have impressive points leading to the idea that they’re all necessary stepping-stones. For example, the Big Bang is seen here as violation of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics but it’s supposed origin from quantum fluctuations is reminiscent of bits switching between 1 and 0. The topological hypothesis has potential to explain dark matter, dark energy, and electromagnetic-gravitational union.  Finally, the article introduces what is called vector-tensor-scalar geometry - and extensions of Einstein's Gravity and Maxwell's Electromagnetism.

In this study, an attempt is made to study the Sun on the basis of modern equipment and the latest advances in the study of solar neutrino fluxes. In particular, a neutrino telescope based on the ANRI effect is used. This made it possible to start the problem of the internal structure of the Sun within the framework of the model of a neutrino source of the central zone. The first results obtained from the flow pattern are in good agreement with the cavitation radiation neutrino model.

The alleged big bang never happened. That the universe could have begun from any kind of singularity is both logically impossible and scientifically indefensible. There is no point in time at which time began. Time is in the universe; the universe is not in time. The universe is a limitless, endless, infinite expanse that is without beginning or ending.

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is believed to be the residual effect of an alleged primordial explosion and as such is the only evidence supporting the big bang hypothesis. However, precise measurements by the Cosmic Background Explorer satellite (COBE) indicate that the CMB is blackbody radiation most probably caused by interstellar dust. The CMB is smooth and looks the same in all directions for the same reason that a fog looks smooth and uniform in all directions. The CMB appears as an electromagnetic fog on optical telescopes and as a static hum on radio telescopes.

Four-dimensional (Minkowski) spacetime is a mathematical fiction that bears no relation to reality. Spacetime does not exist, does not curve, and does not interact with gravity. Because Einstein based his geometric theory of gravity (general relativity) entirely on this false foundation, GR is a fatally flawed theory. This article conclusively disproves both Minkowski spacetime and General Relativity.

Dark matter gravity force is generated by the expansion of the universe, gravitational force is not strong enough and an extra centripetal force is needed due to this expansion, this model also explains the high angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system, energy related to this new force is stored in the dark matter energy tensor D (4, 0) related to the Riemann curvature.

According to the theory of supergravity, at the time of Planck (10 ^-43 seconds after the Big Bang) all four forces of nature (strong and weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force and gravitational force) should have been united in a single super force, i.e. also the strongest (strong nuclear force) with the weakest (gravitational force). Today, the strong nuclear force is 10⁴¹ times greater than the gravitational force. The <Cosmic Time Hypothesis> (CTH) now requires that the gravitational constant G, as Paul Dirac already suspected, was stronger in the past than today and steadily decreases over time. Proportionally to G, the gravitational force then also changes. According to the CTH, it would have been greater by a factor of 10⁴¹ at the time of Planck than today and thus identical to the strong nuclear force, as demanded by supergravity. CTH also requires that both forces had the same range at Planck time and that the product of range and strength remained constant for both forces until today.