On the Perihelion Precession Derived from the Gravitomagnetic Tensor

Delso J

Bachelor’s Degree in Physics by Zaragoza University, Spain

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Abstract

Mercury deviates from the precession predicted from the Newtonian effects. In general relativity, this remaining precession, or change of orientation of the orbital ellipse within its orbital plane, is explained by gravitation being mediated by the curvature of spacetime. Einstein showed that general relativity agrees closely with the observed amount of perihelion shift. This was a powerful factor motivating the adoption of general relativity. Now this effect is also explained by the action of the gravitational magnetic field.

Keywords

Perihelion Precession; Gravitomagnetic Tensor; Gravitational Magnetic Field; Energy Momentum 1-Form; Gravitomagnetic Photon Emission; Maxwell`s Equations; Planck Constant; Planck Constant Variation; Gravity and Quantum Mechanics Unification

Introduction

The gravitomagnetic photon emission is the first step to get a new Astronomy, it is derived from the solution of the Schrodinger equation adding the gravitational potential. The variation in Planck constant is the first step to get the Gravity and Quantum Mechanics unification, the variation is derived from the solution of the Schrodinger equation in gravitational systems [1].

Electromagnetic tensor is a 2-form derived from the exterior derivative of a 1-form, similarly Gravitomagnetic tensor [2] can be derived from the exterior derivative of the Energy-momentum 1-form and we obtain the similar Maxwell`s equations.

Gravitomagnetic tensor [2] generates the extra force needed to explain the anomalous behavior of pendulums observed during a solar eclipse [3] and dark matter effect.

Solving the Schrodinger equation with the gravitational potential added to the electrical potential we are able to get the gravitomagnetic photon frequency.

Equating the Schrodinger energy value to the total energy in several gravitational systems we get the value of Planck constant in these systems.

There must be a precession of the angular momentum around the gravitational magnetic field created by the planet orbiting the star.

Gravitomagnetic Tensor

Electromagnetic form is a 2-form [4].

[1]

Energy-momentum form is a 1-form [4].

[2]

Gravitomagnetic form is a 2-form

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

dG = ddp = 0 [5], we obtain the similar Maxwell`s equations

[10]

[11]

* is the Hodge dual [5].

[12]

 [5], we obtain the last 2 equations with p the mass density

[13]

[14]

where is the stress-energy tensor of the field.

[15]

Gravitomagnetic Photon Emission

An electron is orbiting a nucleus with Z protons, we know the energy levels from the solution of the Schrodinger equation[6], where mp is the proton mass, me is the electron mass, μ is the 2-body reduced mass, e is the electron charge, r is the position of the electron relative to the nucleus, the potential term is due to the Coulomb interaction where in o is the permittivity of free space and mN is the mass of the nucleus.

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

with k = ke, now adding the gravitational potential

[20]

And from equation (19)

[21]

[22]

For the hydrogen atom, Z = 1, the first term in equation (21) is -13.6 eV, the third term is due to the gravitational interaction and the second term is due to the fact that the electron is closer to the nucleus than it would be without the electromagnetic interaction.

Variation in Planck Constant

We apply equation (21) to the Sun-Earth system, equating equation (21) to the total energy of the gravitational system we get the value of Planck constant in this system, Ms = 1.9885 ⋅ 1030kg is the Sun mass, Me = 5.97237 ⋅ 1024kg is the Earth mass, α = 149598023000m is the semi-major axis, eccentricity l + 1 and L the angular momentum.

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

We apply equation (21) to the Sun-Jupiter system, Ms = 1.9885 ⋅ 1030kg is the Sun mass, Mj = 1.8982 ⋅ 1027kg is the Jupiter mass, α = 778.57 ⋅ 109m is the semi-major axis, eccentricity and .

[28]

[29]

[30]

Perihelion Precession

An electron is orbiting a nucleus with Z protons, me is the electron mass, µ is the 2-body reduced mass, e is the electron charge, r is the position of the electron relative to the nucleus, the potential term is due to the Coulomb interaction where in o is the permittivity of free space, the magnetic field B created by the electron motion is defined by [7].

[31]

the angular frequency of precession is defined by [8].

[32]

 is the Bohr magneton defined by

[33]

Adapting equations (31) (32) (33) to a gravitational system

[34]

is the gravitational magneton defined by

[35]

B is the gravitational magnetic field where V (r) is the gravitational potential

[36]

[37]

T is the period from the Kepler's third law

[38]

[39]

and bringing L value from equation (24)

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

and ∅ value from equation (40)

[49]

∅ value from General Relativity is defined by [9].

[50]

and finally we get from equation (49) and equation (50)

[51]

We apply equation (51) to the Sun-Mercury system with eccentricity and

= 6.0071592409034304 [52]

We apply equation (51) to the Sun-Mars system with eccentricity and 115

= 6.0001664944193108[53]

We apply equation (51) to the Sun-Saturn system with eccentricity  and 314

= 6.0000552764267231[54]

We apply equation (51) to the Sun-Jupiter system with eccentricity and 419

= 6.0000455574084054[55]

We apply equation (51) to the Sun-Earth system with eccentricity and 3582

= 6.0000000914905551[56]

We apply equation (51) to the Sun-Neptune system with eccentricity and 13279

= 6.0000000115305529[57]

We apply equation (51) to the Sun-Venus system with eccentricity and 21798

= 6.0000000094647978[58]

Conclusions

Gravitomagnetic tensor has been derived from the Energy-momentum and we have obtained the similar Maxwell`s equations, when a charged particle is moving it generates a magnetic field that interacts with charged particles in motion, similarly when a particle is moving it generates a gravitational magnetic field that interacts with other particles in motion.

Gravitomagnetic photon frequency  is obtained by solving the Schrodinger equation including the gravitational potential, the detection of this photon leads to a new Astronomy.

The variation in Planck constant is obtained by solving the Schrodinger equation in several gravitational systems, it is not a constant anymore, it depends on the masses and the semi-major axis.

Galaxies in our universe are rotating with such speed that the gravity generated by their observable matter could not possibly hold them together. Gravitomagnetic tensor and the interaction due to the torsion tensor explain dark matter, the shape of galaxies and their distribution in the universe.

Gravitational magnetic force explains the Allais effect and other anomalies such as that of the Pioneer spacecraft and its acceleration when moving away from the Sun.

The precession of the angular momentum around the gravitational magnetic field explains the perihelion precession and has been calculated for the planets of the solar system.

References

  1. Delso J (2022) On Gravitomagnetic Photon Emission and Variation in Planck Constant. OSP Journal of Physics and Astronomy 3: 129.
  2. Delso J (2022) On Gravitomagnetic Tensor Derived from Energy-Momentum 1-Form in a Riemann-Cartan Space with a Metric Connection. OSP Journal of Physics and Astronomy 3: 126.
  3. Delso J (2022) On Allais effect explained by the Gravitomagnetic tensor. OSP Journal of Physics and Astronomy 3: 127.
  4. J.A. Wheeler., C. Misner., K.S. Thorne (2017) Gravitation Princeton University Press 91.
  5. J.A. Wheeler., C. Misner., K.S. Thorne (2017) Gravitation Princeton University Press 113.
  6. Robert Eisberg., Robert Resnick (1979) Fisica Cuantica. Atomos, moleculas, solidos, nucleos y particulas. Editorial Limusa 286.
  7. Robert Eisberg; Robert Resnick (1979) Fisica Cuantica. Atomos, moleculas, solidos, nucleos y particulas. Editorial Limusa 330.
  8. Robert Eisberg., Robert Resnick (1979) Fisica Cuantica. Atomos, moleculas, solidos, nucleos y particulas. Editorial Limusa 320.
  9. HermannWeyl (1952) Space, time, matter. Dover Publications Inc 258.
Editorial Information

Article Type

Research Article

Publication history

Received date: April 02, 2022
Accepted date: April-12, 2022
Published date: April 22, 2022

Copyright

©2022 Delso J. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation

Delso J. (2022) On the Perihelion Precession Derived from the Gravitomagnetic Tensor. OSP Journal of Physics and Astronomy 3: JPA-3-132

Corresponding author

Jesus Delso Lapuerta

Bachelor's Degree in Physics by Zaragoza University, Spain. jesus.delso@gmail.com

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