Abstract

The solution of the Schrödinger's equation for an electron orbiting a nucleus leads us to the emission of gravitomagnetic photons when the gravitational potential is also taken into account. In four dimensions, the Minkowski metric  leads to the 16-dimensional Clifford algebra C(1,3), Dirac's equation [1] is using four of these 16 matrices that form a basis of this algebra, a new operator is defined using all of these matrices and also generalized for a curved space. This new multilevel operator generalizes the Dirac's equation, the value of the generalized Dirac's operator is calculated in the Schwarzschild's metric. The torsion tensor is calculated taking into account the non-symmetric part of the metric tensor in the vanishing of its covariant derivative and applied to Kerr's metric generalizing the Clifford algebra. Geodesic equation, conservation laws, torsion tensor and Einstein field equation are obtained in a non-symmetric geometry.

Key Words

Planck's Gravitational Constant; Planck's Constant; Kepler's Third Law; Schrodinger Equation; Gravitomagnetic Photon Emission; Gravitomagnetic Tensor; Gravitational Magnetic Field; Energy-Momentum 1-Form; Clifford Algebra; Dirac Equation; Dirac Operator; Gravity and Quantum Mechanics Unification; Multilevel Operator; Schwarzschild's Metric; Torsion Tensor; Rearranged Kerr's Metric; Generalized Dirac Equation; Generalized Clifford Algebra; Generalized Einstein Field Equation; Generalized Geodesic Equation; Conservation Laws; Non-Symmetric Geometry

Introduction

Dirac's equation is the relativistic wave equation derived by physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. The wave functions in the Dirac theory are vectors of four complex components (known as bispinors), two of which resemble the Pauli wavefunction in the non-relativistic limit, in contrast to the Schrodinger equation which described wave functions of only one complex component.

Dirac's operator is just the tip of the iceberg, the tip of a generalized operator that is obtained by operating on all members of the Clifford algebra basis and not just on four of them.

The Schwarzschild's metric is named in honour of Karl Schwarzschild, who found the exact solution in 1915 and published it in January 1916, a little more than a month after the publication of Einstein's theory of general relativity. It was the first exact solution of the Einstein field equations other than the trivial at space solution. Schwarzschild died shortly after his paper was published, as a result of a disease he developed while serving in the German army during World War I. Johannes Droste in 1916 independently produced the same solution as Schwarzschild.

Schwarzschild's metric is an exact solution to the Einstein's field equations that describes the gravitational field outside a spherical mass, on the assumption that the electric charge of the mass, angular momentum of the mass, and universal cosmological constants are all zero.

The new generalized Dirac's operator, the multilevel operator, is calculated in the Schwarzschild's metric, torsion tensor and new gravitomagnetic tensor appear in level 2, curvature tensor appears in levels 3 and 4.

The Kerr's metric is a generalization to a rotating body of the Schwarzschild's metric. The Einstein field equation relates the geometry of spacetime to the distribution of matter within it. The equations were published by Einstein in 1915 in the form of a tensor equation which related the local spacetime curvature with the local energy, momentum and stress within that spacetime expressed by the stress-energy tensor.

Planck's gravitational constant

In the hydrogen atom an electron is orbiting a nucleus with 1 proton, we know the energy levels from the solution of the Schrödinger's equation [2], where m_p is the proton mass, m_e is the electron mass, μ is the 2-body reduced mass, e is the electron charge, r is the position of the electron relative to the nucleus, the potential term is due to the Coulomb interaction wherein ∈₀ is the permittivity of free space.

                                                                                                                                                                                                       

with , now for a gravitational potential

                                                                                                                                                                                                                               (5)

And in equation (4) we replace h  by h_g

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                (6)

Planck's gravitational constant values

We apply equation (6) to the Sun-Earth system, equating equation (6) to the total energy of the gravitational system we get the value of Planck's gravitational constant in this system,  is the Sun mass, is the Earth mass, is the semi-major axis, eccentricity and L the angular momentum. The total energy of the gravitational system is defined by

                                                                                                                                                                   

                                                                          (16)

                                                          (17)

We apply equation (6) to the Sun-Jupiter system,  is the Sun mass, is the Jupiter mass,  is the semi-major axis, eccentricity

                                                                                                                                                                     

                                                          (23)

                                                          (24)

Now we consider the hydrogen atom with n = 1, from equations (3) and (4)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                 (25)

                                                (26)

Comparing equations (25) and (21) we see the role played by the semi-major axis a now is played by α₀ and from equation (22)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                             (27)

                                                             (28)

                                                            (29)

Now if we adapt equation (27) to  we should obtain the Planck's constant value

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   (30)

                                                                                                                                                                              

Kepler's third law

If the Hamiltonian is not an explicit function of time, the wave function is separable into a product of spatial and temporal parts [3].

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (33)

T is the period and Kepler's third law is defined by

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (34)

E is the total Energy in a gravitational system defined by

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      (35)

From equation (10)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                               (36)

and

                                                                                                                                                                                     (37)

is the mean motion angular speed defined by

                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

equations (38) and (39) define Kepler's third law and

                                                                                                                                                                                                              (40)

Five new planets in Proxima Centauri

Mean motion angular speed for our planets:

₁ = 0:0000008266683161721671725893680342060 - Merucry

₂ = 0:0000003236397806290027502923891805337 - Venus

₃ = 0:0000001990958336720942466833404885350 - Earth

₄ = 0:0000001058577386399185014918267545470 - Mars

₅ = 0:00000004324349662 - Ceres

₆ = 0:000000017320508 - Jupiter

₇ = 0:0000000067118273148381163645269302 - Saturn

₈ = 0:0000000023610970045003705167333373453 - Uranus

₉ = 0:0000000012054073971413942728010767548 - Netpune

₁₀ = 0:0000000008092269920779060844908523775485 - Pluto                                                                                                                             (41)

 ratios:

                                                                                                         (42)

Mean motion angular speed for planets in Proxima Centauri:

                                                                                                                                                           (43)

 ratios:

                                                                                                                                                                  (44)

Comparing equations (42) and (44) we see a gap for 5 planets from

Gravitomagnetic photon emission

An electron is orbiting a nucleus with Z protons, we know the energy levels from the solution of the Schrödinger equation [2], where m_p is the proton mass, m_e is the electron mass, μ is the 2-body reduced mass, e is the electron charge, r is the position of the electron relative to the nucleus, the potential term is due to the Coulomb interaction wherein ∈₀ is the permittivity of free space and m_N is the mass of the nucleus.

                                                                                                                                                                                                       

with , now adding the gravitational potential

                                                                                                                                                        (51)

And from equation (50)

                                                                                                                                                                                    

From equation (58) is the frequency of the gravitomagnetic photon emitted from the initial energy level to the final energy level. This emission leads us to the gravitomagnetic tensor. Gravitational magnetic field generates the extra force needed to explain the anomalous behavior of pendulums observed during a solar eclipse, the Allais effect [5] and also explains the dark matter effect without exotic particles never detected. Gravitational magnetic field is also derived from Special Relativity force transformations [6], when velocities point to the same direction a repulsive gravitational magnetic force is induced. Gravitomagnetic tensor will appear below in equation (88) at level two of the generalized Dirac equation D²

From equation (57) is the frequency of the electromagnetic photon emitted from the initial energy level to the final energy level. The correction of the second term is an indirect detection of the gravitomagnetic photon emission

                                                                                                                                                                            

In equation (60) we have the energy levels from the solution of the Dirac's equation [4]. The first term is the solution of the Schrödinger equation that we have seen above in equation (50) and the second term is the relativistic correction

                                                                                                      

From equation (71) is the relativistic correction of the electromagnetic photon emitted from the initial energy level to the final energy level and from equation (72) is the relativistic correction of the gravitomagnetic photon emitted from the initial energy level to the final energy level.

Multilevel operator

We are using Pauli matrices σ, electromagnetic four-potential A_μ and charge e with

                                                                                                                                                (73)

In four dimensions, Minkowski's metric  leads to the Clifford algebra , Dirac matrices                                                                                                             (74)

Multilevel operator Dⁿ acts on level n,n is the number of ϒ matrices in the product of the algebra members, for example, D³ acts on and ϒ¹³. Total multilevel operator , the action of on the spinor function vanishes          (75)

                                                                                                                                   

Multilevel operator can be generalized for a curved space with four-potential P, field charge q and covariant derivative [8](;μ) instead of derivative (, μ) in the definition of p_μ

                                                                                                                                                                  

For gravity  is the new gravitomagnetic tensor. is the torsion tensor [9]

                                                                                                                                                           (90)

                                                                                                                                 (91)

                                                                                                  (92)

                                                                                                                                              (93)

                                                                                                                                                     

Gravitomagnetic tensor defined in Schwarzschild's metric

We are using this metric is defined by [11]

                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                                                                

, from equations (88) and (89)                                                                                                             (112)

                                                                                                                                                     

Energy-momentum form is a 1-form [12]

                                                                                                                                                                                          (120)

                                                              (121)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

Comparing equations (113-115) and (122-124) we can infer                                                                                                                                 (125)

D⁰  is related to the scalar 0 -form m, D¹ is related to the Energy-momentum 1 -form, D² is related to the Electromagnetic 2 -form, D³ is related to *J3-form [13]

                                                                                                                                                                                                                   (126)

D⁴ is related to L4-form [14]

                                                                                                                                                                                        (127)

 is the proyector matrix, historically                           

                                                                                                                        (128)

Torsion tensor in a rearranged Kerr's metric

We are using  is the black hole's mass and a is the angular momentum per unit mass with . The invariance of the length of vectors under parallel transport means that the connection is compatible with the metric, it is a metric connection, the requirement of the preservation of the length by parallel transport may be stated as [15]

                                                                                                                                   

Solving these equations we get the torsion applying its definition [16]

                                                                                                                                                                                                           (135)

Expanding the line element in powers of  and examining the leading terms [17]

                                                       (136)

Rearranging the line elements

                                           (137)

                                                                                                                                                                                          

Generalizing Clifford algebra with

                                                                                                                                     

from equations (88) and (89)                                                                                                                   (156)

                                                                                                                        (157)

                                                                          (158)

                         

Geodesic equation and torsion tensor

A geodesic that is not a null geodesic has the property that , taken along a section of the track with the end points P and Q, is stationary if one makes a small variation of the track keeping the end points fixed. If denotes an element along the track [18]

                                                                                                                                  

The condition for this to vanish with arbitrary  is

                                                                                                         

From equation (170) with

                                                                                                                                                                                   (174)

Thus the condition (174) becomes

                                                                                                                                                                      

Multiplying equation (175) by , we obtain the geodesic equation

                                                                                                                                                                           

 are the Christoffel symbols of the symmetric part, so

                                                                                                                                                                             

We directly obtain the torsion tensor without solving equations (134) and (135)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                             (183)

Einstein field equation and conservation laws

From equation (180) where  are the symbols of the symmetric part

                                                                                                                                                          

Equation (184) becomes

                                                                                                                                                            

The vector  has the covariant divergence

                                                                                                                                                                                                

If the left-hand side of equation (191) equals zero then the right-hand side gives us the first conservation law.

For the antisymmetric tensor

                                                                                                                                                         

If the left-hand side of equation (194) equals zero then the right-hand side gives us the second conservation law.

For the antisymmetric tensor

                                                                                                                                                                                       

Adding equations (196), (197) and (198)

                                                                                            (199)

From the definition of the curvature tensor

                                                                                                                                                                               (200)

 is called the Ricci tensor

                                                                                                                                                                                 (201)

Now  is not symmetric,  is the antisymmetric part and  where is the symmetric part in the Einstein's equation [19].

                                                                                                                                                                                                                       (202)

                                                               (203)

                                                                                                                                                  

Conclusions

Multilevel operator has been generalized for a curved space with a general four-potential P. For gravity  is the new gravitomagnetic tensor and torsion tensor  appears in its definition

In a flat space and D⁴ operators vanish. In a curved space the curvature tensor appears in levels 3 and 4

The appearance of torsion tensor and curvature tensor in multilevel operator means that this operator is a fundamental operator in Quantum Field Theory

, have been calculated for Schwarzschild's metric, then , the gravitomagnetic tensor has been obtained

Each Dⁿ, where n is the number of ϒ matrices in the product of the algebra members, is related to an n-form

The invariance of the length of vectors under parallel transport requires the vanishing of the metric tensor covariant derivative, a new term appears  measuring the non symmetric part of the metric tensor, solving these equations we get the torsion tensor

Rearranging Kerr's metric we obtained , the non symmetric part of the metric tensor, gravitomagnetic tensor has also been calculated generalizing the Clifford algebra

Taking into account the in the geodesic equation we have obtained the torsion tensor, conservation laws and Einstein field equation in a non-symmetric geometry

The solution of Schrödinger's equation leads us to the emission of gravitomagnetic photons when the gravitational potential is also taken into account. The correction of the second term in electromagnetic photon frequency is an indirect detection of the gravitomagnetic photon emission.

The solution of Schrödinger's equation for a gravitational system leads us to Planck's gravitational constant value and Kepler's third law.

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